Additional information
by Steve Kupke (Author)
After many decades, the scaling of silicon dioxide based field-effect transistors has reached insurmountable physical limits due unintentional high gate leakage currents for gate oxide thicknesses below 2 nm. The introduction of high-k metal gate stacks guaranteed the trend towards smaller transistor dimensions. The implementation of HfO2, as high-k dielectric, also lead to a substantial number of manufacturing and reliability challenges. The deterioration of the gate oxide properties under thermal and electric stress jeopardizes the circuit operation and hence needs to be comprehensively understood. As a starting point, 6T static random access memory cells were used to identify the different single device operating conditions. The strongest deterioration of the gate stack was found for nMOS devices under positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) stress, resulting in a severe threshold voltage shift and increased gate leakage current. A detailed investigation of physical origin and temperature and voltage dependency was done. The reliability issues were caused by the electron trapping into already existing HfO2 oxygen vacancies. The oxygen vacancies reside in different charge states depending on applied stress voltages. This in return also resulted in a strong threshold voltage and gate current relaxation after stress was cut off. The reliability assessment using constant voltage stress does not reflect realistic circuit operation which can result in a changed degradation behaviour. Therefore, the constant voltage stress measurement were extended by considering CMOS operational constraints, where it was found that the supply voltage frequently switches between the gate and drain terminal. The additional drain (off-state) bias lead to an increased Vt relaxation in comparison to zero bias voltage. The off-state influence strongly depended on the gate length and became significant for short channel devices. The influence of the off-state bias on the dielectric break
Author Biography
Steve Kupke, studied physics at the Technical University Dresden from 2003 to 2009. After his master thesis he held several jobs as a scientist in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and New Zealand. In 2011 he returned to Dresden to do his PhD in the field of microelectronics at the NamLab gGmbH, TU Dresden. Since then, he has built up his own company, named UNIPOLAR, for designing scientific themes and illustrations printed on fair-trade and organic clothes.
